SANI BALA SHEHU's blog

We Are Boko Haram: A Response to Dr. Aliyu Tilde

sanibalashehukano — Sat, 29 Aug 2009 12:42:43 UT

We Are Boko Haram: A Response to Dr. Aliyu Tilde
By
Mustafa Liman-Adamu
jikanhalilu@gmail.com

Dr. Aliyu Tilde’s article on gamji.com with the above heading was captivating indeed. As the writer himself called it bold, it was indeed one. Issues raised ranged from cultural history of the word boko, boko haram, its distant cousin Maitatsine, up to the negative effects that resulted from rejecting boko.

One essential ingredient which the writer omitted, perhaps deliberately, was the reason why our forefathers at the beginning of the 20th century were vehemently opposed to boko system of education. He would have done his readers, particularly those who have no idea at all, a great favour had he touched that aspect. It would have added the taste which the article lacked.

As a prelude to making an attempt to briefly do that, I will like to make it clear, that the issue here is not about the halalness or haramness of boko, because we cannot stoop so low to find fault with education, no matter where it originates from.

When the British under the command of Lugard defeated the North, notably by capturing the major Emirates of the region, they were seen- and truly they were- destroyers of our cherished religious and cultural heritages. They met a hardworking people literate enough to have a comprehensive administrative, social and political system that aroused their admiration. Hence, the adoption of indirect rule in the region which was practically impossible in the regions that were hitherto illiterate and/or disorganised.

The colonialists backed missionary activities financially and otherwise. Through that, they built schools, infirmaries, etc to lure the Muslims to convert into Christianity. Naturally, someone that destroyed your cherished heritages, ruled you against your will in your own land, killed your revered leaders and now attempted to make you disbelieve in your faith which is your life here and hereafter, how will you accept his ways?

Surely all that is now gone. The fears of yesteryears no longer exist. Therefore it amounts to folly to still reject boko. But just like we all know, our backwardness is nothing but failure of leadership. From the 1920s up to the 1980s education in the North was growing steadily until when the declining era came. People like Dr. Tilde enjoyed good education from primary up to tertiary level. But just last February, according to your friend Garba Deen Muhammad, you were “close to tears” after visiting your daughter who had only eight lessons in a week! I count her fortunate because you can even afford that good government school. Go to other government schools, especially state owned like the LEA’s, and you will shed those withheld tears.

‘”Our general contempt for knowledge is outstanding, making us prefer ignorance as a companion. The more knowledgeable you are or try to use that knowledge, the lesser are your chances of survival.” says Dr. Tilde. Kai Malam! I really don’t believe you are the one saying these loose words! What exactly do you mean? It is same people like Dr. Tilde that, after earning a PhD, still prefer to enter politics to make it instead of remaining where they will be of better use to the society. Even after losing the senatorial seat in 2003, our Dr kept nagging until when there was nothing more he could do. Yet he is now insulting the politicians. Was it not him that benefited from politicians like Ahmed Adamu Mu’azu in his native Bauchi State? As recent as 2007, he was bold enough to personally declare Sule Lamido as his Governor of the Year and criticise other governors in Jigawa’s neighbourhood apparently because they proved inaccessible to him.

I really don’t understand what Dr Tilde wanted to achieve by bringing dressing issue into the discussion. What has that got to do with boko haram? Do people no longer have the liberty to dress as is accepted in their society? He even ahead adding “….We wear them both the riga and the kaftan during the harmattan cold and during the hot summer. Any attempt to borrow other wears to suit the weather as shown by the Quran is repulsed, unlike in the Arab world where they have different dresses for different situations. In fact, if you do not wear these “uniforms”, many of us do not consider you as fully Muslim. Simple. The hijab, on the other hand, is now imposed even on babies!” Ya salam! Who is he trying to impress? Perhaps in his fantasy he regards himself as Turkey’s Westoxicated (to borrow from Adamu Adamu) Kemal Ataturk who coerced his subjects to dress like “civilised” Westerners instead of their oriental dressing of the time.

NOW THAT BOKO IS ‘HALAL’..

sanibalashehukano — Sat, 15 Aug 2009 15:01:38 UT

NOW THAT BOKO IS ‘HALAL’...
Written by BALA MUHAMMAD
With the killing of Muhammad Yusuf, known to all as the leader of the so-called Boko Haram Sect, perhaps the secular leadership of this country (including, it must be admitted, your columnist and you, the readers) can now collectively heave a sigh of relief. After all, the ‘sect’ was opposed to everything the elite stood for. Has Boko, therefore, triumphed and become ‘Halal’ since the few who said it is Haram have been defeated? Do we really know, would we ever know, what those people wanted, or didn’t want? Are all commentators, including this one, not merely speculating?
Jim Jones, from the famous Guyana Tragedy of 1978, had told his followers just before they took their cyanide-laced drink: “Don’t be afraid to die, death is just stepping over into another plane.” He later said: “We didn’t commit suicide; we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world.”
Was Muhammad Yusuf another Jim Jones? Did he deliberately coax his followers into the seemingly foolhardy way of mass ‘suicide’? To recap what happened in Jonestown, Guyana, would be appropriate here. The so-called People’s Temple, according to the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia, “was an American cult from California, led by Jim Jones, which became internationally notorious when, on November 18, 1978, 918 people died in the settlement as well as in a nearby airstrip and in Georgetown, Guyana’s capital.
“The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations. 909 Temple members died in Jonestown, all but two from apparent cyanide poisoning in an event termed ‘revolutionary suicide’ by Jones. The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at a nearby Port Kaituma airstrip. The victims included US Congressman Leo Ryan. To the extent the actions in Jonestown were viewed as a mass suicide, it is the largest such event in modern history...”
Perhaps until this Maiduguri Tragedy.
A debate is raging right now on a discussion group this writer happens to be a member of. A commentator said: “[What happened in Maiduguri] is extra judicial execution. Pure and simple. The Niger Delta militants have received ‘state pardon’ and amnesty, and will be paid Twenty Thousand Naira (N20,000) each for all their crimes against Nigeria. OPC [Yoruba militant group O’dua People’s Congress] militants received almost a ‘standing ovation’ for fighting the police and burning down several police stations and murdering police men and officers in Lagos some years ago. Where are the lovers of peace and justice? Will they stand up for justice on this [Maiduguri] case?”
Another commentator responded to the first: “Why are we not blaming them for starting the ‘fitna’. Read the Qur’an; you will know that whenever a ‘fitna’ which is sleeping is woken up, it will never spare the innocent among us. Therefore, we should blame ourselves. You have to understand that these people have been terrorising the people of Borno...and we are now blaming the Federal Government for taking immediate action. If this highhandedness is not taken, what do you think will happen in Maiduguri...?”
A third commentator countered this second: “Without mincing words, the claim that Muhammad Yusuf and his followers have been terrorising Maiduguri people is a blatant lie! I am a resident Maiduguri for over three years now and have been following the group’s actions since their encounter with the Police in Yobe State back in 2004. I decided to contribute on this issue seeing how some Muslims are ignorantly talking about this group...These brothers never terrorised anybody in Maiduguri. They do their preaching to whosoever wants to listen. We should not allow our hatred for what they stood for to lead us to make the wrong judgement about them...”
The fourth commentator had this to say: “The killing of Muhammad Yusuf after his apparent capture is extrajudicial killing. It goes against the laws of any civilised society. Whatever his crime, he should have been brought before a court of law, prosecuted and judged according to the laws of the land. But to capture him and shoot him dead, if that is what happened, may mean that the authorities have something to cover up. More so during an Administration that has been crying ‘rule of law’...”
And somewhat asked: Where was the Ruler of Law during all this time? Well, it may interest readers to read history, especially the famous Great Fire of Rome (in Latin: Magnum Incendium Romae) of AD 64 and Rome’s infamous Emperor Nero. According to popular lore, Nero was so unconcerned about the fire or the well-being of his citizens that he was recorded to have been playing the fiddle (a musical instrument) while the city burned. (Revisionist history, however, shows that indeed Nero was concerned, and he even led the effort to put out the fire). Whatever the truth was, ‘Nero Fiddled While Rome Burned’ has entered the annals of history and politics to describe the action and inaction of leaders during times of crises.
Many commentators have blamed ‘failure of intelligence’ for the Maiduguri Tragedy. Countering this argument, the Director General of the State Security Service (SSS) Afakriya Gadzama blamed politicians and action agencies for failing to pre-empt the Boko Haram uprising. He dismissed allegations of intelligence failure in the country, saying his agency had provided adequate security intelligence, but that the people who should have acted on it failed to do so.
To quote Gadzama: “Nobody was taken by surprise; it was something that was adequately covered; that was adequately reported, but to have the will to take action on this, people felt reluctant and, of course, a lot of sentiments...” Gadzama also said that there was no synergy among the various security agencies, noting that this was partly responsible for their inability to act rapidly on any crisis. And then he sounded this stern warning: Nigeria is at the risk of a serious crisis in 2011 if adequate security measures are not taken.
In another interesting testimony, Acting Inspector General of Police Ogbonnaya Onovo was quoted to have identified poverty and perceived injustice as the cause of crisis in the country.
Echoing the Acting IGP, another commentator on that earlier discussion group had stated: “Elite failure...is central to the crises bedevilling northern Nigeria. The care-free attitude of the Northern elite is at the root of the political and civil disturbances that symbolise the region. The elite must wake up and understand that the more they flourish in affluence while the children of their neighbours wallow in poverty and ignorance...the more we see deviant groups like Boko Haram emerging...”
The truth about Boko Haram may never be known. But their mass killing would not make Boko ‘Halal’ either. And we end with Inna Lillahi Wa Inna Ilaihi Raji’un! (From Allah we come and to Him we shall return!)

Caught between Boko Haram and 'Governance Haram'

sanibalashehukano — Sat, 15 Aug 2009 14:51:28 UT

Caught between Boko Haram and 'Governance Haram'
By Abdul Raufu Mustapha
THE ferocious and senseless attack on government institutions and innocent citizens by the Boko Haram sect in Borno, Bauchi, Yobe, and Kano states in late July 2009 is yet another reminder of the parlous state of Nigeria as a whole and the far northern states in particular. How could such a coordinated movement organise and arm itself without the effective intervention of various government institutions? What motivated thousands of apparently normal individuals, mostly young men, to abhor reason and logic, instead propagating an anachronistic, senseless, and nihilistic rejection of 'western' knowledge? Never mind that the guns and bombs used by this sect and the mobile phones used to coordinate their activities from Maiduguri to as far afield as Katsina are all products of the same 'western' knowledge they so vehemently reject.
The ugly incident of Boko Haram insurgency poses two main challenges to the Nigerian authorities. Firstly, how could poverty, alienation, and frustration be allowed to fester to such an extent that thousands of young men have no viable avenues for self realisation other than by seeking solace in religious obscurantism and mindless violence? Secondly, now that we have reached this shameful state, what are the authorities going to do about it?
That poverty is a key factor propelling movements like Boko Haram cannot be denied. As the saying goes, a hungry man is an angry man. The whole logic of attacking 'Boko' or western education makes sense only against the background of disappointed hopes of gaining a livelihood through western education or the modern system built around it. Instead, sect members seek a 'return' to a version of society in which western knowledge and education is expunged. They hope such a 'cleansed' society will better serve their needs. Poverty fuelled alienation is more pronounced in the north because poverty itself is more pronounced in the north. The grip of poverty and lack of social services is more acute in the far north than in most other parts of Nigeria.
In a Central Bank of Nigeria document in 2007, then Governor Soludo showed that though most Nigerians are poor, the northern states are more ravaged by poverty. Poverty in Nigeria has a clear northern face as the 10 poorest states in Nigeria are all in the north, with Jigawa State having the terrible record of 95 per cent of its population living in poverty. The Central Bank data also showed that between 1980 and 2004, poverty increased from 13 per cent to 35 per cent of the population of the South-South, 13 per cent to 27 per cent in the South-East, and 13 per cent to 43 per cent in the South-West. Bad as these appalling trends in the south are, the situation in the north is far worse. In the North-Central, poverty ballooned from 36 per cent of the population in 1980, to 72 per cent in 2004. In the North-East, it went from 36 per cent in 1980 to 72 per cent in 2004. For the North-West, the trend was from 38 per cent to 71 per cent. These are frightening trends which have continued unabated. Even The Guardian of August 4, 2009 reported what UNICEF called a 'silent malnutrition emergency' in children in the northern states of Kebbi, Sokoto, Katsina, Kano, Adamawa and Gombe. It is this unrelenting poverty and hopelessness which breeds fanaticism and bigotry like those shown by Boko Haram.
But Nigeria is not the only place in Africa where you find poor people, neither is it the only part of Africa where these poor people are largely Muslim. What is unique about northern Nigeria is that this poverty sits cheek by jowl with massive corruption involving public funds and opulent living enjoyed by a narrow elite. It is the combination of poverty and a deep sense of unfair deprivation that is corroding the trust in public institutions amongst the general population and fuelling the psychotic reactions of fringe groups like Boko Haram. To deal with the challenge of Boko Haram and such fanatical sects we must address issues of poverty, corruption, and good governance in the northern states.
It is therefore disappointing to see that the Northern Governors' Forum meeting in Kaduna on August 3, 2009 called in response to the Boko Haram insurgency concentrated almost exclusively on the policing aspects of dealing with the problem. As reported by The Guardian of August 4, the Governors resolved to 'monitor' the activities of preachers and religious groups in their states. Traditional rulers are also to be 'empowered' to guide and regulate religious activities in their domains. The Immigration Department is 'enjoined' by the Governors to increase its control of the borders to prevent the influx of foreigners who are presumed to be major actors in the obscurantist sects. While these policing policies are necessary, are they enough to stem future Boko Harams?
One is left wondering if the Governors in the north have any governance responses to the poverty, corruption, unemployment, and hopelessness that are fuelling religious fanaticism in the north? Would it not be better to deal with the root causes of the problem at the same time as you seek to improve policing? Or are good governance issues 'haram' to our Governors? It is disheartening that after the trauma most Nigerians went through because of the Boko Haram insurgency, only three Governors found it worth their while to attend a crucial meeting called to respond to the crisis. While I cannot presume to know the intricacies of the busy diaries of Their Excellencies, I cannot but feel that if this were another wedding of one of the President's daughters to another political bigwig, they would all have turned up in their finery.
It is good that our Governors are getting tough on fanatics. Long may they remain alive to their responsibility to protect their citizens. But how about the root causes breeding the fanatics? How about addressing governance issues that can restore the social contract between the Governors and the governed? How about fighting corruption, eschewing ostentation, providing accountability, developing public infrastructure, generating employment, and the unambiguous promotion of the public good? I am not asking for Heaven on earth; I am only asking them to borrow a leaf from Governor Fashola of Lagos by injecting a sense of genuine public service into governance. Until this is done, our Governors in the north would remain caught in that restless void between the senseless fanaticism of the likes of Boko Haram and their own seeming 'Governance Haram'. It is a pity that the ordinary law-abiding citizen will ultimately pay the price for this negligence.
� Dr. Mustapha lives in Oxford, United Kingdom

EXTRJUDICAL EXECUTION OF MUHAMMAD YUSUF AND LEGALITY OF BOKO

sanibalashehukano — Sat, 15 Aug 2009 14:47:08 UT

EXTRJUDICAL EXECUTION OF MUHAMMAD YUSUF AND LEGALITY OF BOKO HARAM
It is quite clear that so many Nigerians among which lawyers, human right activists, and some Muslims scholars expressed dismay and outcry regarding the recent extrajudicial execution of Boko Haram leader, Muhammad Yusuf, allegedly carried out by Nigeria police Force. Suffice to say that, according to the aforementioned personalities, the method by which the execution of Muhammad Yusuf was carried out amounts to violation and breach of the laid own procedure of carrying executions and against Fundamental Rights enshrined in our constitutions and Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as the provision of Shari’a Law which is also an applicable law in Maiduguri. Before digesting the controversial issue of extrajudicial execution, it is good to go through the ideology and dogma of Boko Haram.
LEGALITY AND CONSTITUTIONALITY OF BOKO HARAM
Our grand norms the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria makes it lawful for a citizen to have a belief, thought, conscience and religion and as well as having right to change religion or belief and also it is a right given to him to propagate such belief. Section 38 (1) of The 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria provides that. “Every person shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including to change his belief and freedom (either alone or in community with others, and in public or in private) to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.”
By virtue of the above section, Muhammad Yusuf had a legal right to propagate his belief of Boko Haram i.e. Western Education is prohibited, and nowhere in our applicable laws make it offence to denounce or discard western education. With due respect and decorum, if there is any provision in any of our applicable laws let the legal luminaries counter this challenge.
Boko means any subject or course originated from west that is taught in the universities down to the nursery schools and/or taught in any means be it electronically or otherwise.
Whereas Haram linguistically means prohibition while in Islamic jurisprudence connotes an act or omission that attracts punishment if breached or reward if done. (Al-wajiz fi Usul al-Fiqh page 40)
According to Muhammad Yusuf any education be it western or otherwise that is contrary to Islamic principles is Haram i.e. prohibited. This ideology is in line with Islamic principles and no any Islamic erudite scholar of whatever caliber of knowledge can contradict him, but would it be Haram by being knowledgeable in what is Haram? Certainly the answer is No. Knowing or acquiring any education that is harm is not Haram, but putting it into practice by fully believing in it, or trying to legalize it, is only what would be termed as Haram.
JURISPRUDENTIAL APPROACH TO THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF HARAM
Haram jurisprudential can be seen in a broader sense as anything that Almighty Allah enjoined us to do, which if we do Almighty Allah rewards us and our refusal makes us sinners and attracts punishment in our mundane life or hereafter. So also vice versa anything that Almighty Allah enjoined us to avoid and the avoidance of which is rewarded and the commission of which attracts punishment
Haram is categorically classified into two Haramun Li Zatihi and Haramun Li Ghairihi
Haramun Li Zatihi is what naturally and originally prohibited such as murder, genocide, adultery, robbery etc all these thing where prohibited because they violate the six objective principle that Shari’a protects which religion and religious right, progeny, honour and dignity, property, life and intellect. ( Q6;151, 24;27 49;12, 5;4, 4;135, 2;256, 5;9;7, 119;90, 8;41) (see also Alwajiz fi usul al-Fiqh page 40-42)
Where anything of the aforementioned objectives will not be protected unless Haram (unlawful ) is committed, Shari’a gives permission to do so, for instance one is allowed to eat flesh of carcass in a journey for him to survive where there is no food, also one will not be killed for a murder he committed in protecting his own life by means of self defence. Likewise even if Boko is prohibited it will be permissible in order to protect any of the aforementioned objectives because in our modern world of today hardly to achieve the above objectives without Western Education no matter how little it is.
Haram Li Ghairihi is anything that initially permissible but prohibited due to some circumstance without which that circumstance is permissible. contract is permissible but it is prohibited during the hour of Friday prayers, also marital consummation between husband and wife is permissible but prohibited during menstruation period likewise seeking knowledge is permissible but prohibited if it will tantamount to disbelief. So by taking care of the circumstance that will turn permissible to Haram the problem is solved. so by synthesizing western education from unlawful ethics and belief, western education is permissible.

ISLAMIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE VS HARAMUZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
The phrase Islamization of Knowledge was first used and proposed by Malaysian scholar Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-attas in his book titled Islam and Secularism, published in 1978. It is a term which describes variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethic of Islam with various professions and field of western or modern thought. The advocates and preachers of this term argue that a body of western knowledge (Boko) that had been so Islamized would not offend the Islamic principles since it would place Islamic ethic before knowledge or curiosity or power, and provide for curtailment of scientific or any professional field of western knowledge that offend those Islamic ethics.
In nutshell the aim of Islamization of Knowledge is to inculcate Islamic ethic in western education and discarding all sort of things that are not in conformity with Islamic principles and provide alternative for that. The success of this idea can be seen everywhere in the world for instance in Nigeria where all the banks are conventional but still one of the banks have a product known as Amana Savings and Amana Current Account which are free interest accounts purely designed in conformity with Shari’a law. By having this product under conventional bank is a great achievement of Islamization of Knowledge.
The dogma of Muhammad Yusuf and his followers of Boko Harm i.e. western education is prohibited, is what I termed as Haramuzation of Knowledge, deriving the ward Haramuzation from an Arabic word Haram meaning prohibition, couple with the fact that Muhammad Yusuf and his followers uphold that the whole western education is Haram i.e. prohibited and should be avoided in totality without given a room for synthesis.
Haramuzation of Knowledge is contrary to the well known Islamic jurisprudential maxim which states that where there is two necessary evils it is permissible to take the less evil and forgo the greater one ( See Qawaid al-Fiqhiya)
The evil of being ignorant of western education is greater and above the evil contained in it. In other words the benefit of western education is greater and above its evil for the Muslim community. as such Muslims are permissible to go for western education despite some of its unconformities with Islamic principles which some sees it as sources of evil as described by Dr. M. B. Dalhatu of Dept of Private Law, Faculty of Law, ABU Zaria, in a book titled Contemporary Issue of Islamic Jurisprudence, where he states that “ In an unprecedented manner of today the world has become a manifestation of sin, object savagery, tyranny and poverty, moral decadence, intellectual chaos and a picture of total bankruptcy of man’s faith in salvation through science and technology”

EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION OF AN INNOCENT BOKO HARAMA LEADER
No matter how grievous the offence one committed even before thousands of eye witnesses, shall be presumed to be innocent until proved guilty and should not be punished unless through due process of law. Our laws and international law provide the following rights which the accused person is entitled before passing any sentence against him, that he should:
• Be informed promptly in the language he understands and in detail of the nature of the offence
• Be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence.
• Be given a lawyer for his defence free of charge if he cannot afford
• Right to fair trial before imposition of the sentence, the trail must be in an open court, right to defence
None of above rights contained under 36 (5) (6) of The 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria and Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have been given to Muhammad Yusuf before deprivation of his right to life under sect 33 (1) of The 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria.
The above is the general rule and the only exception under which police can hide for the alleged brutality of extrajudicial execution, is the provision of sec 33 (2)(a)((c) of The 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, which allegedly the police misused or ignorance of its content and its interpretation. Ignorance of our laws by Nigeria police Force is not a hiding cave in which they cannot be brought to book. It is well known legal maxim that, Ignoratia juris non excusat i.e. Ignorance of law is not an excuse.
Also by examining section 33(2) of The 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria which provides that, A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his life in contravention of this section, if he dies as a result of the use, to such extent and in such circumstance as are permitted by law, of such force as is reasonably necessary.
a) for the defence of any person from unlawful violence or for the defenceof property
in order to affect lawful arrest or prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; or
c) for the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny.
One can conclude that none of the above situations could be said Muhammad Yusuf died as a result, even from the alleged official statement of the Commissioner of Police for Maiduguri State. And no any reasonability of necessary force could said to had been applied and result the death of Muhammad Yusuf, his followers and other innocents person, who were armless compared to the militant of Niger Delta. Had I have any authority of transferring police officers I would have transferred the culprits among them to Niger Delta where they can apply the above section 33 (2) of The 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, and to put their experience into practice against the militants as they allegedly did at Maiduguri against Boko Haram members and innocent citizens.
To rest my case, I will end up saying that, had Muhammad Yusuf is alive he would not have forgiven me by using constitutional provisions to protect his inalienable rights, but as a minister in the temple of justice, this will not be a hindrance of doing justice to him despite his short comings, which I also hope will not be an obstacle to Mr. President in doing justice when he receives the report of the committee he inaugurated to investigate the matter.

Barr. Ja’afar Ibrahim
Writes from Dala Local Govt Area, Kano

Letter to Sir Ahmadu Bello

sanibalashehukano — Sat, 15 Aug 2009 14:35:46 UT

Letter to Sir Ahmadu Bello
By
Kabiru Tsakuwa
Tsakuwa2000@yahoo.com

Sir, from what I have been hearing about your fruitful and eventful life, you are no doubt a visionary leader imbued with extraordinary foresight. This much has been proved from the testimonies of your ardent enemies. You are indeed, a repository of wisdom that so effortlessly carried along every body irrespective of status or creed. You are an extra ordinary man whose life represented the finest tradition of excellence and perseverance. You are a model of modesty and thoroughness, an enigma; an embodiment of humility and true personification of all that the sublimed caliphate of yore symbolized. I’m therefore writing this posthumous latter to you with the highest reverence deserving of a great and charismatic leader in protest against most of your trusted disciples!

Forgive me if I disturb your peace. But the exigencies of the moment and the dangerous slide of the region and by extension the whole country onto the edge of the precipice had made it imperative for your humble grand son to inform your majesty. Indeed, you ought to know how unnerving, life has turned out to be in your absence. You deserved to be updated about the situation report on the ground. How your trusted allies whom you sacrificed so much to nurture and empowered from a very humble status; have within a span of just four decades, succeeded in subjecting the once proud region into virtual doldrums!

With out mincing words sir, allow me to let many unpalatable iniquities of your trusted lieutenants out in the open, perhaps they may take heed. I know that many of them still do respect you dearly. But in so doing, I will try to list-out to you their many failings, their apparent lack of directions and several of their actions toward nation building which resulted into the present quagmires. I know that you loved them unconditionally too, and that expression of sincere love still remains with you even thought majority of them have over the years become so naughty( kunnen kashi).

To start with, the educational structure you left behind has completely caved-in due to negligence. Today, the north has the largest concentration of beggars, almajiris and all those unwanted irritants. During your brief but eventful tenure as premier of northern region, there was nothing like the caste system in educational systems. But now, we have schools for the rich, and those for the poor. And most of their children are schooling abroad in some of the most expensive and most prestigious academic citadels; leaving behind vast majorities of the people to their hopeless design. There are also hospitals for the rich and those for the hoi-polloi. The end result therefore, is the disparity and segregations akin to what used to be obtained in the apartheid era.

The legacy of quality education bequeathed to them, which transformed majority of them into what they are today, had become exclusively for the privilege few. I’m sure; this has never been what you envisaged for your children, grand children and great grand children yet un-born. The end results are the vast army of idle and ignorant youths who have become ready tools for recruitments by the deviants’ elements in the society-read Boko-Haram.

In your own time, I learnt that, there were conscious efforts to industrialize the region. And that singular effort resulted into the industrial centers we used to know and appreciates in Kano, Kaduna, Gusau and Jos among several other places. However, all that has now become history due to criminal negligence and lack of focus. In its place, the region now harbours the largest concentration of the unemployed youth in the country; with poverty level at an unacceptable height. Sir, the situation is so pathetic that if you were to come back again, I’m sure, you would readily curse them and disown them completely.

In your enlighten personal sacrifices, you brought about the nothenisation policy,
which seek to transfer ownership of enterprises into the hands of your people? And by that, you set out to make them equal stake-holders and entrepreneurs in their own right. But, to the chagrin of all right thinking minds, the north is today the most backward in terms of industrializations. It was reduced to mere consumers of materials made outside its borders! What is all the more troubling is that, northerners have become second class citizens in their own country. They now constituted the largest armies of cobblers, mai shayis,maigadis,manicurist,street-cleaners,mai ruwas,yan jagaliyas,yan dabas,yan sara-sukas and so, on.And even these are seriously under threats. They also occupied less than one quarter of the federal civil service, ditto private enterprises and the like.

In short, the deciphering entities you succeeded in uniting as one family are now sharply divided along many cleavages. Every bit of the larger component is practically on its own. The elites and commoners have all recoiled back to their ethnic and religious cocoons in search of solace and protection. They no longer trust even their next door neighbours. The north as you used to know it exists only in name. The only thing that remind us of its glorious past are the annual or monthly jamborees by its supposed protectors who are no longer their brothers’ keepers by whatever definition. The sense of belonging and feeling of oneness has given way to mutual suspicion and mass attrition due to selfish elite’s manipulation.

As a matter of fact, your people have no dependable ally whether at home or abroad today. Their fate is solely predicated on the benevolence and mercy of the Supreme Being. There is no body around to sacrifices and wear your big shoe and be regarded as a leader in the strictest sense of the term. Consequently, they are now the most endangered species in Nigeria. And at every given opportunity, their numbers are mercilessly decimated with uncommon brutality. ‘Crush them’, ‘kill them’, ‘shoot them at sight’ they are fanatics; terrorist, fundamentalists etc. These are some of the over-used clichés and adjectives that usually rent the air once it’s your children that are involved! The have no right to fair hearing at all. While other Nigerians especially those across the Niger, have been treated with kid’s gloves for similar or even more grievous offences against the state.

For your information sir, the Niger delta militants like their partners in crime, the OPC and Mossob, are bunch of criminals who have taken up arms against the state. They have been killing security personnel and crippling our economic livewires impudently for many years now and yet, for reason best known to the authorities, they are being given state pardon, monetary gratifications and worst of it; they are being honoured with state visits to the seat of power! The leaders of the criminal gangs are even allowed to hobnob with those in position of authority in sharp contrast to your own brethrens who were mercilessly exterminated at every given slight opportunity. But this clear case of different strokes for the same crime had been in existence since your departure, but we know that were you alive today, this will never have happened, because you will shed the last drop of your blood in our defense!

In the area of leadership, which calls for sacrifices, what your trusted disciples specialized is how to loot the treasury dry. Leadership position, be it political or administrative no longer beckons them to serve. It is an avenue for personal aggrandizements to the detriments of the people.

Sir, wallahi your once proud domain is on the verge of collapsing. Things are falling apart rapidly, and the center can no-longer hold. Today as I’m talking to you, we can not boost of a single bank to sustain the economy of our people. There is no fertilizer for farming. And the costly sacrifice we have been making with our bloods and limbs in sustaining the Nigeria project, has not translates into concrete benefits for your children. Instead, they have become the whipping boys, the parasites, and the lazy and unnecessary burden on the rest of the country.

All these narrations were just tips of the iceberg. But in summary, and in order not to over burden you with complaints about our lamentable peculiarities, allow me to conclude by saying with out equivocation and with all sense of responsibility; that your trusted disciples whom you left with the robust legacies have woefully failed you. They have squandered all the golden opportunities. They have succeeded in instituting a culture of hopelessness and despair in the minds of your people that only an incurable optimist would hope for a better tomorrow.

Either way sir, I have always blamed my predicaments on your sudden demise in the hands of those terrible ingrates. For I know that were you alive a little longer; my pathetic conditions wouldn’t have degenerated from bad to worst. But then, who am I to questions God’s wisdom? Thank you and rest in perfect peace, my lovely grand father!

ALARMING INCREASE OF RAPE CASES IN NIGERIA.

sanibalashehukano — Tue, 18 Nov 2008 21:32:21 UT

There is an alarming increase in rape cases. From Kano to Calabar, Lagos to Lokoja, Maiduguri to Markurdi, Enugu to Ekiti, rape stories jostle for headline spaces in newspapers and prime time bulletins on the airwaves. Even then, statistics have shown that less than 20 per cent of rape cases are ever reported, as most victims are often unable to face the social stigma that follows public knowledge of their ordeal.
Yet rape is a serious crime under the Nigerian Law. It is an extreme form of violence against women which dehumanizes, degrades and traumatizes the victim. Section 357 of the Criminal Code states: ‘Any person who has unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or girl, without her consent, or with her consent, if consent is obtained by force or by means of threat or intimidation of any kind, or by fear of harm, or by any means of false and fraudulent representation as to the nature of the act, or in the case of a married woman, by personating her husband is guilty of an offence called rape’.
Most rape victims are minors who are lured into the act by elderly men who may be complete strangers, neighbours, relations, or, in extreme incestuous cases, even brothers or fathers. Also vulnerable are girls that hawk wares on the streets and inner city alleys.
In some instances, the rapist indulges in the act just to satisfy his sexual desire, while some are for ritual purposes, where men are advised to have carnal knowledge of little girls for spiritual powers they claim ensure longevity or the attainment of their economic and political dreams. Some other rape victims fall prey to armed robbers’ antics.
Rape victims are susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis, gonorrhoea, and even HIV/AIDS as the perpetrators are not likely to think of using any protective device during the despicable act.
But as heinous and abominable as this crime is, it is difficult to fight because of the country’s legal system and the attitude of some people. Not only are most rape victims unwilling to report the case, but parents of those whose cases are taken up by the police are also reluctant to press charges because of fear of social stigmas.
Also, the legal demand, in Section 179 (5) of the Evidence Act, for a witness as a proof of the offence, is a major hurdle to obtaining conviction in rape cases. There is usually no eyewitness to the crime of rape and this makes it difficult for the case to be proved.
In the fight against this crime, nothing should suggest that the same law is trying to protect offenders. Therefore, we suggest that the strict provision of the Evidence Act be amended to ensure that rape victims get justice. Also, as much as possible, female police officers must be assigned to handle rape cases, as male officers may not be sufficiently sensitive and sympathetic to the plight of victims who are courageous enough to report their ordeals to the police.
Even in instances where male police officers show some sympathy, most victims may not feel very comfortable discussing the intimate details of their gruesome experiences with the male officers.
Apart from prescribing stern punishment for the offence and removing legal hurdles in prosecuting offenders, the government should be in the forefront of enlightenment campaigns to acquaint mothers, young girls and all potential rape victims with the various methods used by rapists to ensnare them. Socio-cultural and religious organizations should also step up the campaign against rape. Parents should always ensure their young daughters are always accompanied whenever they go out either on errands or to play.
It is hoped that the Police has records of sex offenders. And it will not be out of place if the names and pictures of such depraved fellows are occasionally.

Yours in service To Humanity,
com. Sani Bala Shehu
civil liberties organasation( CLO)
northwest zone
p.o box 4054kano
+2348065872052. +2348080626852
+2348073400690 +2348045208685.
webblog:
www.sagagikano .blogspotcom
www.sanibalashehu .blogspot. com
www.naijapals .com/kusurwa
www.sanibalashehu .wordpress. com

GLOBALIZATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (I

sanibalashehukano — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 23:40:26 UT

GLOBALIZATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AT
LOCAL LEVEL
(A CASE STUDY OF MUNICIPAL LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA,
KANO STATE)

BY

SANI BALA SHEHU
PGS/SMS/06/0851

BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF PGDPPA POLITICAL SCIENCE.

DECEMBER /2007

APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that this project carried out by Sani Bala Shehu has been read and approved as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of PGDPPA. Political Science Dept.

Project Supervisor

Mohammad Ma`azu Yusuf Date

Head of Department

Professor Kamilu Fagge Date

DEDICATION
This research work is dedicated to my late father Gwani (professor) Alhaji Bala Mai Ishiriniyya, may his gentle soul rest in perfect peace, Amen

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to thank Almighty Allah for giving the strength, courage and guidance to pass through my academic career to this level. "All praise due to all those who contributed one way or the other in line with the achievement of this goal through out the efforts being put in the process.
A prayer for eternal bliss goes to my late dad Gwani (Professor) Alh. Bala Mai Ishiriyniyya (May his soul rest in peace) and a sincere gratitude to my patient and supportive mother. My. Elder brother encouragement (Alhaji Garba Bala Sagagi) is hereby appreciated; therefore a continuous prayer for progress goes to him. My appreciation goes to my entire family for their words of goodwill during the undertaking. My profound gratitude goes to my humble supervisor Muhammad ma`azu yusuf(MM Yusuf) for his efforts, encouragement and patience, who despite his tight schedule had endeavoured to go through the whole manuscript pointing out areas of deficiency and shallow reasoning. I have in deed benefited from his wealth of experience and knowledge. Also my appreciation goes to my level coordinator Dr. Bawa Gusau, I also wish to extend my word of appreciation to my Department Secretary Hajiya Madina, for her cordial treatment of the students and commitment to their attention. I will not forget Engineer (Dr. in view) Auwalu Dabo Sagagi of the Accounting Department for his brotherly advice and guidance on and during my academic .
I also wish to acknowledge the concern and attention of my brother Tukur Bala Sagagi and my Relatives, towards actualization of my academic achievement. Lastly, to my closest school friends and colleagues such as Nafiu Sani Ibrahim, Abba abdullahi, sameer nuhu bala, shamsu a Sagagi et me say thank you all for everything.
My special gratitude goes to my role model comrade Y Z yau of centre for information and development CITAD. And entire staff of CITAD such as mallam Abubakar yakasai, ado yakasai, muktar mohammd, isiyaku garba, yushau sani yankuzo, abdurrashid, nura rabiu, Abubakar yakasai,Fatima ibrahim, sager ado yakasai, haruna hadeja.abubakar m tsangarwa. Awaisu mohammad manladan. Engineer kamaludden.
I finally appreciate the concern of all those who help me in one way or another towards making my studies a success.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................... 1
1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM.................... 5
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY............................... 6
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES............................................. 7
1.4 SCOPEAND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY,.. ..................7
1.5.0 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS...........................................8
1.5.1 GLOBALIZATION........................................................8
1.5.2 INOFRMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)............ ............ ....8
1.5.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ICT)........................................................................... .8
1.5.4 LOCAL GOVERNMENT................................................9
1.6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES.........................................10

CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................11
2.1 GLOBALIZATION...................................................... 12
2.1.1. THE VIOLENCE OF GLOBALIZATION........................ 15
2.1.2. MILITARY GLOBALIZATION...................................... 15
2.1.3 THE PATHWAYS OF GLOBALIZATION (ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZAT1ON).................................................... 16
2.1.4 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ICTS IN THIS PROCESS? ..... . 18
2.2.0 THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ' TECHNOLOGY (ICT).........................................................18
2.2.1 FUNCTION OF ICT............................:...................... 19
2.2.2 ICT AND EDUCATION................................................ 20
2.3.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK....................................21
2.3.1 ADULATORY AND ALARMIST THEORY........................21
2.3.2 THE OPTIMIST THEORY.......'....,.............................. 21
2.3.3 THE PESSIMIST THEORY........................................ .22

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................... . 23
3.1 POPULATION OF THE STUDY.........'............................ 23
3.2 SAMPLE SIZE.............................'.'..............................23
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES.............................................-24
3.4 DATA COLLECTION.................................................... 24
3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN...................................................25
3.6 PROBLEMS RELATING. TO THE COLLECTION OF DATA.. 25
3.7 EDITING, RECORDING AND TABULATION......................26

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.2 DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION.............:.... ..27
4.3 HYPOTHESES TESTING...........................................34

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY............................................................ 36
5.2. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................. 37

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

There is hardly any aspect of modern living that does not require the use of information technology. It is significant that in the developed world the conscious or unconscious tragedy has been to ensure that the average home has at least one personal computer. Consequently, even the young once are trained to remain ahead of other children by relating to computer technology as the second nature. Indeed, the computer has become a basic tool, rather than leisure for solving life's problems. Hence, information technology help to simplify and easy communication on public formation categorically the use of Internet, satellite, and cellular mobile network etc. all Federal Government .Ministries, Departments, .Interdepartmental Agencies and Commissions are all online. Information Technology (IT) has become a veritable instrument of world politics. The nation of the world with high technological powers tent to control the less technologically advanced once. This is evident when we observed the activities of the G7 nations and the United Nation Security Council. Only nations which can hold their own technological arc the members of the UN Security Council. A country with little technological track records stands dwarfed in today's world politics.
The development of capitalism has taken a new dimension and has today succeeded in conquering everywhere and everything in the world. Today the world is seen as a global village where everything and every body can reach and be reached from anywhere through the power of new technology. Globalization therefore, has to do with processes by which different human communities and nations become integrated in one single system called global village. Therefore, whether as a historical process or as an ideological construct, globalization brings about greater interaction between countries, and between peoples all over the world. John Tomlinson, (1996), defines it as "a rapidly developing process of complex interconnections between societies, cultures, institutions and individuals world wide. It is a social process which involves a compression of time and space, shrinking distances through a dramatic reduction in time taken - either physically or representationally - to cross them, so making the world seem smaller and in certain sense bringing human beings 'closer' to one another".
The possibility of compression of time and space in the interrelations has only been achieved through the pivot of technology, specifically the information and communication technology (ICT). People don't have to move to get where they want to go. Money doesn't have to be taken to the markets and virtually all- aspects of our life have been electronized through technology of the cyber space, so much so that the entire people in the world are being subjected to become gradually living under one system called globalization. Thomas Friedman, (1996), sees it as "the loose combination of free trade agreements, the internet and the integration of financial markets that is erasing boarders and uniting the world into a single lucrative, but brutally competitive market place,"
Thus, globalization reduces the world into an integrated system of market; where international trade is considered to be the major engine of economic growth, and should therefore be facilitated. This facilitation is achieved through trade liberalisation, necessitating the removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers. In addition, states are to withdraw from social provisioning by privatizing state social service organizations, which only left states with the role of creating a conducive atmosphere for privatesector-led development. In concrete terms, globalization presents itself as the breaking down of national barriers in terms of trade, flow of information and capital, and in terms of ownership of key industries. Multinational corporations are increasingly displacing local ownership in key and dynamic sectors of national economies.
What then is the role of ICT in this process? At one level, the ICTs provide the pathways with which the world is brought together, conquering both time and space. At another, the ICTs also link up the new manufacturing outposts of the transnational corporations in the south to their markets in the North. The technology of e-commerce means an easy and speedy movement of capital in the every form of market. One of the pillars of globalization is international trade in services. In the past, a country or firm offering these services in another country must had to either be physically located in the country that it wants to offer the services or set up a local representative, usually, a subsidiary, where operations were subject to national policies. Now with ICTs, these services are being offered in a wider scope online. Electronic banking, online education, telemedicine, data processing etc are the deliverables through which the WTO's General Agreements on Trades in services (GATs) is being operationalized.
In general, the globalization as a process of integrating the world has become more possible through ICTs. There is virtually nothing one can do to exempt himself from the use of ICTs. In schools, at work, businesses, factories, hospitals, offices, organizations, market, government, security, war sports, music/arts, in short everything; the ICT has contributed immensely in renewing our lives in the era of digitization. Thus, a considerable achievement or failure of the ICT as a new development of globalization of capitalism can be assessed in whatever part of the world.
Governments have been forced to almost everywhere to subscribe with the political ideologies of the capitalist. Globalization has changed the nature of policy making in that it demands conformity with policy prescriptions, which national policy making instruments (as military) and processes have no role in articulating. The democracy, which is meant to encourage the participation of citizens in the decision making of their own affairs, has been substantively undermined by the top-down flows of policy from the international trade regulating organizations. This is more real in areas of economic resources of interest, where capital exploits labour and extract surplus abroad.
The conversion of grass root or local levels into final level of modernity has reached the age of high-tech, a technology that cannot be done away with. This is obvious when electronics have become our immediate assistants. Indeed we are in the era of nuclear and electronic technology, which is of course the result of globalization.
Upon this background, this research is an attempt to explore the significance of globalization in municipal local government area, Kano State, Nigeria, with specific reference to information and communication technology (ICT). Since the (ICT) has become the fundamental pillar in the current era of globalization, it has become imperative in every form of discourse concerning globalization.
1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

A research is a serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new fact or test a new idea. It could also be the activity of finding information about something that one is interested in or need to know about. Therefore, this research is specifically designed to explore the linkage between globalization and ICTs, and the emerging world that such linkage is evolving. It is arguable to assert that globalization is not only enable by ICTs, but that the level of connectivity of a country determines to a large degree the possibility of its benefiting from the globalization process.
This research is titled "Globalization at local .level" with municipal local government as a case study. Thus, the research is designed to answer the following questions:
• To what extent is the world globalize at local levels?
• What is the impact of globalization in municipal local government area today?
It is very open that human societies are constantly changing like every other thing, but evidently while' a change is necessary; it is not always a progress. Thus the research will also find out the become our immediate assistants. Indeed we are in the era of nuclear and electronic technology, which is of course the result of globalization.
Upon this background, this research is an attempt to explore the significance of globalization in Municipal local government area, Kano State, Nigeria, with specific reference to information and communication technology (ICT). Since the ICT has become the fundamental pillar in the current era of globalization, it has become imperative in every form of discourse concerning globalization
1.2 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The research is aimed at making a critical assessment of the current era of globalization at the local level. It is specifically designed to capture the reality of grass root people in response to globalization with objectives as follows:
• To determine the impact of globalization in Municipal local
government.
• To determine the impact of ICT on the development of
knowledge in the area.
• To determine the impact of ICT as media in municipal; local
government,
• To determine the impact of ICT as factor of production in Municipal local government.
• To determine the impact of ICT as mover of organizational change in municipal local government.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of this research is confined to Municipal local government area, Kano state and will give treatment to the information and communication technology (ITC) as the prime instrument in the current development of globalization of capitalism. Specifically, the research will limit itself to Tele-centers and Internet cafe as main target. Many areas would have been touched but for constraints we are compelled otherwise.
1.5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
GLOBALIZATION: The term globalization has become word in the last two decades. At least since the advancement of industrial capitalism intellectual discussion has been replete with illusions of the phenomena strikingly akin to those that have garnered the attention of recent the scholars of globalization. In a Marx's account the imperative of capitalist production inevitably drove the bourgeoisie to nestle everywhere. In classical conception the term Globalization restricted to trade liberalization and proliferation of new information technology which transform the world into global village.
INOFRMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT):
Information technology (IT) .•• or information and communication technology (ICT) is the technology required for information processing. In particular the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT):
Is the catch-all phrase used to describe a range of technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving, processing, analyzing and transmitting information. Advances in ICT have progressively reduced the costs of managing information, enabling individuals and organizations to undertake information-related tasks much more efficiently, and to introduce innovations in products, processes and organizational structures.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
It is very difficult to define the concept 'local government. It connotes different meanings and interpretation in different countries. In some nations, local government is described as "a sub-unit of government controlled by a Local Council which is authorized by central government to pass ordinances having local application, label local taxes and exert labour, within limits specified by the central government". In other nations, it is defined as "the legal conferring of powers to discharge specific or residual functions upon formally constituted authorities". Accordingly, the United Nations sees it as a political sub-division of nation (in federal system), which is constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs including the power to impose taxes or exert labour for prescribed purpose. The governing body of such an entity is elected or otherwise locally selected. The third tier nature of local government was- established by the 1976 local government reform here in Nigeria and has described local government as "government at the grassroots level exercised through representative councils established by law and to exercise specific power within defined areas".
Therefore, a critical observation of what has been said so far as regards to the conceptual definition of local government indicates to us that they should serve as instruments of achieving the interest of holders of political power (i.e. the representative councils). Thus, the independence of the political units, their structures and functions are strictly guided by the philosophical and ideological inclinations of these representative councils. As far as this research essay is conceded, local governments are taken to mean political institutions created by the higher authority (state or federation) with the basic contention that these institutions would also serve as instrument of bringing the governments nearer to the people.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Ho - Globalization transforms the lives of the local people
Positively. H1 - Globalization transforms the lives of the local people
Negatively. Ho - Information and communication technology has
Flourished the socio economic being of the local
People. H1 - Information and communication technology has
Worsened the socio economic being of the local
People. Ho - Information and communication technology is a threat
To the moral values of the local people. H1 - Information and communication technology is not a threat to the moral values of the local people.

PLAN OF THE STUDY
The work is presented in five chapters, chapter one is a general introduction which gives statement of the research problem, significance aims and objectives as well as scope and limitation and definition of terms.
The chapter two treats the literature reviews, it covers wide range of issues such as globalization, the violence of globalization, the pathways of globalization, economics globalization, the role of ICTs in the globalization process, the information and communication technology in education sa well as it function, it also look at theoretical frame work, theories like adulatory alarmist theory, the optimist theory and lastly the pessimistic theory.
Chapter three covers range of issues such as research methodology, population of the study, sample size, sampling techniques, data collection as well as problems relating to the collection of data, editing, recording and tabulation.
Chapter four will present, analyze and interpret findings; questionnaires will be issued out to various cafes and Tele -centers.
Chapter five will dealt with summary, recommendation, and conclusion, moreover useful website will be added at the end of the chapter and indexing.
References:
1. Ali A. Mazrui, (2003), "Nigeria Between Lord Lugard and the Digital
Divide: Political Culture and the Skill Revolution" in http://www/gooqle search, org/webworld/infoethics-2/eng/papers/paper
2. Amin S. (1990), Mal-development Anatomy of Global Failure, Zed Press, London
3. Anthony Lelliott, Shirley Pendlebury and Penny Enslin "Promise of Access and Inclusion: Online Education in Africa', Journal of philosophy of Education", in Special Issues: Engines of the Interface: philosophical problems of online education, Edited by: Migel Blake and Paul Standish, (Edit)-2000-Vol. 39
4. Beck, U. (1999), What is Globalization?, Cambridge: Polity Press.
5. Beck, U. (2001)'Living your life in a runaway world:
individualization, globalization and polities', in W. Mutton and A. Giddens, (edit) On The Edge Living with global capitalism, ... London: Vintage.
6. Castells, M. (1996), The Rises of the Networked Society, Oxford: Blakcwell
7. Castells, M. (2001), 'Information technology and global' in W. Mutton and Anthony Gidden, (edit), On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage.
8. Cogburn, D. L. (1998) 'Globalization, knowledge,'education and training in the global world'. Conference paper for the InfoEthichs 98 UNESCO. http://www/unesco.org/webworld/mfoethics-2/eng/papers/paper 23htm
9. Fox J. P., (2001), Chomsky and Globalization, London: Icon Books
10. Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton,. J. (1999), (Edit) Global Transformations politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.
11. HEIDEGGER, M., (1978), "The Question Concerning Technology", in ed. KRELL, (edit) Basic Writings London
12. KALDOR, M., (1982).The Baroque Arsenal (Deutsch London)
13. KROKER. A.. (1992) The Possessed Individual: technology and post modernity, (Macmillan London)
14. Manuel Castells, (no date), Information Technology, Globalization and Social Development, pgs 8-11, Macmillan London
15. Sukomal Sen, (undated), 'Impact of Capitalist Globalization on the Working Class: The public and financial services' www. google search ng.
16. Y. Z. Ya'u (2002) "Globalization, ICT's and the New Imperialism: Perspective on Africa in the Global Electronic Village" (GEV), yunusaayau@hotmail.com, google search ng.
CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.0 INTRODUCTION:
The convergence of microelectronics, communication and computing technologies has given rise to new information systems, which have the ability to manipulate information rapidly in a number of ways and deliver such information with incredible speed at very low cost. This manipulative attribute of the new systems has itself given rise to new categories of services while enhancing old ones. The Internet in particular, which is at the center of the information technology mediated world is critical to the globalization process, that is the integration of the world into what is termed as the Global Village.
Ever since Canadian communication pioneer Marshal Mcluhan (1911-1980) used the phrase global village in the 1960s to refer to this contracting world, the concept of global electronic village (GEV) has gained increasing currency and an apparent objective reality. The world has become fully connected and brought together at the instance of a click of the mouse. Beyond this virtual reality, however, lies a military reconstruction of the world through a globalization process', which is seen as the integration of the world into a single dominant technology of power. At the heart of this process is the Information Technology, or more broadly, information and communication technologies (ICTs), that ever-pervasive technology that is changing the ways in which we do things. The ICT, to be more simplistic is seen as a revolution in everything. Information Technology has unleashed a torrent of
10technological changes in the societies that have profound implication in the way in which the world social system is organized. Today it is possible to interact with others from a bed room since the wisdom of ICT has make it convenient to coordinate interactions with a click of a mouse and touches on a key board.
One of the controversies that characterize explanations of the September 11th attack on the United States of America was that, an organized network of terrorist operated the planes using the robotics technology through satellites controlled by their computers.
Whether true or otherwise, today military satellites bases are planted for security and peace all over the world, both by government and private organization, which coordinate with their head quarters through the net. Terrorists groups are believed to be operating through the same information and communication technology. The ALQAEDA in particular operate through such invisible network of the cyber power. From neocolonial point of view the information and communication technology has provided the neocolonialist a cheaper and efficient access to the economy of the third world. Technologization of both business and commercial activities has inevitably integrated the third world into colonies of cyber exploitation. That today no one single thing we can do without the indispensable ICT. Indeed, the power of technology has grown up to.escalate globalization. In the words of Today the use of force worldwide, especially by the major powers to achieve desired objective has almost unanimously assume an acceptance in the globalization process.
2.1 GLOBALIZATION
John Art Schulte has captured a more all embracing conception of globalization. He argued that globalization can is seen generally to mean internationalization, liberalization, universalization, Deterritorialization, and or modernization. As internationalization, Art described it as "cross boarder relation between countries which involves growth in international exchange and interdependency, i.e. international process and transaction. As liberalization, He sees it as "the removal of all restrictions on movement imposed by government to create a borderless world economy." By universalization John Art means "the speed of various objects and experiences to people everywhere on earth such as computer and TV." As modernization (Westernization and Americanization), Art sees it as “dynamic whereby the social structure of modernity (capitalism, rationalism, industrialism bureaucratism etc) spread over the world to displace and destroy the existing cultures of local self-determination in the process." Lastly, Art sees globalization as Deterritorialization to refer the spacio temporal compression of distance through making state boarders porous ones.
Of all these approaches/definitions, it is only the last, according to Schulte, that offers the possibility of a clear and specific definition of globalization. The notion of supraterritoriality (or trans-world or trans-boarder relations), he argued, provides way into appreciating what is global about globalization.
Globalization is a far-reaching 'topic. Broadly speaking, globalization has many perspectives and commentators. The Western euro American capitalist societies views of globalization focus on economics and politics, while the Eastern socio-communist societies views often focus on philosophy and culture. However, two Canadian scholars, Marshall McLuhan and Harold Innis, seem to bridge both East and West in their studies. At any rate, whether seen as a historical process or an ideological construct, globalization brings about greater interaction between countries, and between peoples. John Tomlinson (1996) defines it as "a rapidly developing process of complex interconnections between societies, cultures, institutions and individuals world-wide. It is a social process which involves a compression of time and space, shrinking distances through a dramatic reduction in the time taken - either physically or representationally - to cross them, so making the world seem smaller and in a certain sense bringing human beings 'closer' to one another". Thomas Friedman (1996) sees it as "the loose combination of free-trade agreements, the Internet and the integration of financial markets that is erasing borders and uniting the world into a single lucrative, but brutally competitive marketplace".
Interestingly, in spite of its continuity as a process, globalization differs in transformation from one time in history to another. M. M. Yusuf, (2006), argued that, the current globalization is a capitalist globalization. However, capitalism has not started the current globalization. rather since it was born (capitalism) it was global by nature. Yusuf contends that, when discussing globalization, there are four issues to be remembered viz:
• The current globalization is not the beginning of globalization. Globalization is just a means of worldwide expansion of capitalism, therefore, it is imperialism.
• Globalization (the current one) is associated with increasing
Inequalities and poverty.
• Globalization has never been peaceful. It is always
associated with usage of force with military operations.
2.1.1. THE VIOLENCE OF GLOBALIZATION
The shock of terrorist attacks and a worldwide economic slowdown has prompted many observers to declare globalization's end. According to John Gray, a professor of European thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science, less than two weeks after the September 11th terrorist attacks upon the United States, "the globalization of the world is over". In fact, Gray had been a staunch critic of globalization, so it might be tempting to dismiss his musings as ideological triumphalism. But longtime proponents of globalization also had their faith shaken by the events of the past years. Even before terrorism, and war dominated the current political and economic thoughts., other forces threatened to transform the process of global integration into one of disintegration.
2.1.2. MILITARY GLOBALIZATION
Contribution to the conceptual foundation of the current debate is the writings of Soviet military theorists in the 1970s, who believed that the introduction of precision-guided munitions was ushering in equally dramatic change. These Russian writings popularized the term "revolution in military affairs," which theorists in the West co-opted to describe the even more dramatic changes in warfare they anticipated would result from the application of
I4information technology and space ' systems to military organizations.
2.1.3 THE PATHWAYS OF GLOBALIZATION (ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION)
Whether seen as an historical process or an ideological construct, globalization brings about greater interaction between countries, and between peoples. John Tomlinson (1996) defines it as "a rapidly developing process of complex interconnections between societies, cultures, institutions and individuals world-wide. It is a social process which involves a compression of time and space, shrinking distances through a dramatic reduction in the time taken - either physically or representationally - to cross them, so making the world seem smaller and in a certain sense bringing human beings 'closer' to one another". Thomas Friedman (1996) sees it as "the loose combination of free-trade agreements, the Internet and the integration of financial markets that is erasing borders and uniting the world into a single lucrative, but brutally competitive marketplace".
Globalization reduces the world into an integrated system of markets. Under the process, international trade is considered to be the major engine of economic growth, and should therefore be facilitated. This facilitation is to be done through trade liberalization, necessitating the removal of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. In addition, states are to withdraw from social provisioning by privatizing state social service organizations. The role of states is being reducing to that of creating a conducive environment for private sector-led development.
In concrete terms, globalization presents itself as the
Breaking down of national barriers in terms of trade, flow of information and capital, and in terms of ownership of key industries. Multinational corporations are increasingly displacing local ownership in key and dynamic sectors of national economies. It is also changing the nature of national policy making in that globalization demands conformity with policy prescriptions, which national policy making instruments (as military) and processes have no role in articulating. This last has serious implication to the essence of national democracy. Democracy is about the capacity of citizens to participate in the process of decision-making and to influence their governments in the process. In the context of globalization, the space for this has been constrained as policy flows top-down from the international trade regulating organization (through their military technological empowerment) to national governments. This means that globalization disempowers citizens, and therefore, substantively undermines democracy globally.
The debate about the nature and impact of globalization is ongoing. However, certain consensus is building. For instance, it is now understood to encompass not "just about deepening of financial markets, but includes a whole range of social, political, economic and military phenomena" that is simultaneously driven and facilitated by developments in ICTs (Cog burn and Adeya, 1999:2. O'Neill 1999: 1) talks of them as being "seminal to the globalization process". It is also agreed that in this process, the World Trade Organization (WTO), an organization ostensibly
Established to regulate world trade, has come to assume the role of global governance, whose modus operandi are, as Dot Keet (1999: 9) remarks "the product of, self-serving and highly tendentious military and political processes; and based on upon and reflecting a particular economic model or paradigm favoring the strong".
2.1.4 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ICTS IN THIS PROCESS?
At one level, ICTs provide the pathways with which the world is brought together, conquering both time and space. The critical role of ICTs here is that they allow the flow of information at incredible speed. This means that those that are connected have better access to the most comprehensive flow of information of all sort, they can better coordinate their activities and management. ICTs also link up the new manufacturing outposts of the transnational corporations in the South to their markets .in the North.
2.2.0 THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
According to Howell and Lund ell "ICT broadly refers to all forms of technology, use to create, ''store, process and use information in its various forms I.e. data, voice, image, multi-media etc which enable, facilitates and support communications." Because ICT use e-waves Howell and Lund ell comment that it refers to the convergence of microelectronic computers and telecommunication which makes it possible for data, including text, videos and & signals to be transmitted anywhere in the world wherever they are found.
There are many devices in the ICT, which include networks such as fixed wireless and satellite communication broadcasting networks and applications, such as internet, d-base, multimedia etc. Howell and Lund ell further noted that there are four technical names of such things :
1. Capturing Technology: Keyboard, voice recognition system, mouse etc.
2. Storage Technology: CD ROMs, floppy disc, flash disc, Zip drives, memory card etc.
3. Communication Technology: Electronic bulletin board.
4. Display Technology: Digital video disc, computers etc.
2.2.1 FUNCTION OF ICT
The ICT function is that of developing, acquiring, testing, implementing and maintaining electronic systems. These systems include databases, applications and procedures to support the business needs of the organization in the capture, storage, retrieval, transfer, communication, process and dissemination of information, includes the evaluation, acquisition, tendering, leasing, licensing and disposal of software and hardware. (metadata.curtin.edu.au/manual/classification.html).
According to M. M. Yusuf, (2006), "because ICT is many to many with hundreds of thousands sending and receiving information, it has become of greatest use in development and sharing of knowledge and ideas all over the world. He added "The1CT is very significant to the educational purposes in that no society can survive without it." Although Africa is far behind, the relevance and significance of the internet cannot be undermined. In fact gradually we coming up age and is manifested in some school-net projects in primary and post primary, while some universities are already connected online.
2.2.2 ICT AND EDUCATION
In this brief overview of the Open Education movement, Rice University's Richard Baraniuk frames the opportunities and challenges that face initiatives to globally share self-created educational materials. He writes that the goals of this movement are:
• To bring people back into the educational equation -particularly those who have been "shut out" of the traditional publishing world, like people who don't read and write English, scientists and engineers out in industry, and talented K-12 teachers. . _
• To reduce the high cost of teaching materials.
• To reduce the time lag between producing course materials and textbooks and getting them into the hands of students.
• To enable re-use and re-contextualization such as translation and localization of course materials into myriad different languages and cultures.
2.3.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
From the theoretical standpoint the research present three theories on the revolution of Information and Communication Technology (ITC).
2.3.1 ADULATORY AND ALARMIST THEORY
This theory predicts an amalgamation of existing and yet to be invented information technologies into one single multi-purpose, multi-dimensional machine for instantaneous accessibility. It assumes that in due future, the integration of the world will exhibits electronic pattern whereby the global systems will follow the dictate of one single coordinated machine with wings across everywhere. In fact, this has already began in some part of the world. The Internet online educational services will eventually conquer all levels of education worldwide and there will be one single base to coordinate the system. At the moment the ICT is beginning to take monopoly of knowledge whereby computers are replacing books and libraries transformed into online services.
2.3.2 THE OPTIMIST THEORY
This theory sees ICT as a room in which learning, information, communication can be in the style the user prefers and on aspects the user finds most interesting. That means the modern technology has come up with friendly machines (Computer) that allows for multiple flexibility by the user. The theory posits that the current development of technology is designed with the capacity to enhance the user intuition. That is to say the role of teachers is gradually eroding in that through modern computers and software people require little or no teacher's presence before they could learn.
2.3.2 THE PESSIMIST THEORY
This theory contends that there is much bleaker future in which a new power elites will emerge along with their new system of technology of inequalities. Therefore according to this theory until there is equal access to these technologies, the Utopian vision of the empowered individual is a long way off. Indeed, this is no illusion especially in Africa where for so many reasons we lag very far behind. These include poverty, illiteracy, bad governance, cultural values to mention a few. In addition, the dependent nature of third- world further narrows their chances of developing their own independent technology. As such they will always cling to the technology the North will offer them for sale especially in Africa.
These theories are very much relevant to the research topic. Globalization at local level implies the integration of all nooks and crannies of the earth. Base on the Adulatory theory the ICT has to some extent succeeded in doing so through the evidence of numerous GSM call centers and Internet cafes.
Similarly, the ICT is quite user friendly that allows for independent self-development. The optimist theory will therefore serve relevance in this research. Lastly, the pessimist theory is equally relevant since we can perceive the dangers associated with ICT to our economic, social, economic, political and even spiritual being. Indeed one writer had concluded that the ICT is an informatics imperialism, i.e. another Way of the stronger to perpetuate the domination of the weaker.
References:
Bala a Muhammad Dec (2007)” toward ethical uses of information and communication technology ICT .CITAD monthly lecture.
Musa umar m (2008) “ Globalization and it effect on Nigeria. Daily triumph. Monday 7 January, p7 no 6,580, web site. www.triumphnewspapers.com
Sani Bala shehu (2006) “globalization A curse or blessing to Africa. Unpublished article.
Y z yau (2002) “globalization, ICTs and new imperialism, perspective on Africa in the global electronic village (GEV). Web site. Google.com

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION
The mechanism of the research are hinged on the method of carrying it out, which has a significant bearing on the focus, types and efficacy of the data collected, and the methodology relates to. The basics which inter-alia include the under mentioned.
3.1 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The study covers the ICTs literate people found in the internet cafes and the subscribers of GSM telephone- services. Also those people who are into same related business i.e. the owners/operators of such ITC centers within the area of the study were contacted to supply the researcher with necessary information that will guide the research work.
This research would have covered" more than the two (call centers and cafes), but for limited resource, time and limited cooperation, as stated earlier, the research has to be confined to only to them.
3.2 SAMPLE SIZE:
The sample of our study has been limited to fifty GSM call centers/internet cafes across the area of Municipal local government. As such, an objectively measurable response with regards to the utility of the ITCs and their consequences can be obtained. In addition, it will provide the researcher with insight picture of the operations of the centers.
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
The population of municipal local government area is a representation of various cultural, social, economic and other demographic components of the. People of Nigeria. The officials of the companies/establishments are expected to be educated, and so there will be convenience of the interview to be. conducted. in choosing these, non-probability or convenience sampling was applied. A non-probability sampling is a procedure in which population do not have equal chances of being selected or sampled. The samples are drawn on human convenience. Similarly, this was chosen for the convenience of the researchers.
3.4 DATA COLLECTION:
Two pronged approaches of data collection will be adopted to ensure a formidable understanding of the research theme. Primary as well as secondary data will be used in the research.
1. Primary Data: Questionnaires will be administered, and oral interviews to be conducted at the GSM call centers and Internet cafes within municipal local government area. The questionnaire is designed to have two sections. Section one is for general questions on the socio-economic transformation brought by ITCs and section two ask questions related to the relative consequences with regards to the implications of globalization. This will enable the research to find relevant information on the effect of the ITCs as a consequence of globalization.
2. Secondary Data: The secondary data collected were from relevant textbooks, Nigerian and international journals, unpublished lectures, web site and some oral discussion with relevant people.
iii) PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE COLLECTION OF DATA
The enormity of data required for the project definitely come out with its peculiarity, which in part relates to problems, which involves scouting for data, finance, time constraints etc. In the course of this project the main problem is the time constrain. A dissertation paper of this magnitude requires ample time in view of the varied demands.
Another problem is the limited cooperation especially in oral interviews with the operators of the centers as they are not too sure whether the research has to do with tax levies.
3.5 RESEARCH QUESTION:
The research questions were designed to obtain a direct and suitable data from the respondents so as to enable the researcher in analyzing the impact of globalization via ICTs at our local levels.
Moreover, the same questions in the same wording were applied to all the respondents. Lastly closed ended questions with double and multiple seal options were used.
3.7 EDITING, RECORDING AND TABULATION
A. FIELD EDITING:
Each of the response is cross check at the source for errors and appropriately corrected. This is primarily to detect omissions or errors in the responses from those interviewed
Similarly, the field editing is complimented by central office edit. This involved more complete scrutiny and corrections of the completed response returned to ensure consistency of treatment.
B. RECORDING: While recording the data, the various responses were coded into categories for evasion, computation and analysis. The questions were designed with double multiple options.
c. TABULATION:
The use of close-ended questions involving the use of tabular frame works.
References:
Abubakar m tsangarwa 2007”ICT and job opportunity”. CITAD monthly lecture organized by the centre.
Bala A Muhammad “ toward ethical uses of information and communication technology (ICT)” citad monthly lecture organized by the centre.
Fatima a ibrahim July (2007)”ICT and women, understanding the gender digital divide. Citad monthly lecture organized by the centre.
Muazu M yusuf may (2007)” workers, globalization and information and communication technology. Web blog: www.mmyusuf.blogspot.com
Muazu m yusuf (2007) “ICT for learning and education beyond information”. Web blog. www.mmyusuf.blogspot.com
CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION
.
This chapter considers the various information gathered from questionnaires, answers provided for each question are subjected to a through process of analysis and interpretation.
Similarly, aggregate responses from the interview conducted to cafe staff (cafe managers) are presented.
Five cafes were selected in municipal local government area, which include:
1. ZULAIHA CAFE. Zulaiha cafe was established in 2000, and it was located along Abdullahi Wase road in metropolis, Umma Bayero house. Mega-tech was their service provider (ISP) they have 20 computers (desktops), plus one server.
2. CITY CENTRE CAFES: This cafe was situated at Sabuwar Kofa road adjacent to school of hygiene hostels. The centre has 15 computers plus one server. Mega-tech was their service provider (ISP) it was established in 2002.
3. SKY WORLD CAFE: The cafe was established in 2004. It was situated at Diso Waziri Gidado Street, adjacent to Shehu Maihula mosque. Horizon was their internet service provider. (ISP). They have 10 computers (Desktop).
4. ALWABEL CAFES AND RESTAURANT. It was situated at Abdullahi Wase road, (Sabon Titi) Mandawari, quarters, adjacent to the chief imam of Kano alkali Idris Kuliya house. It was established in March 2008. Their service provider (ISP) is V-sat, which means they receive service direct. They have 25 computers desktop flat screens. Plus one server.
5. MULTI CHOICE CAFE. This cafe was situated at Mandawari quarters along Abdullahi Wase road Starcomm was their service provider (ISP).They have 4 computers desktop computers. The cafes was established in 2006, and start operating in December 2007.

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
Fifty questionnaires were issued out to various owners/operators of internet cafes in municipal.
This was done in order to have a real picture of the significance of ICT as a pillar upon which the current era of globalisation is evolving.
Therefore, our analysis will be structured in line with changes brought about ICT as follow:
Q.1 HOW LONG ARE YOU IN THIS BUSSINESS?
TABLE 1
TYPES OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
8 1 20
6 1 20
4 1 20
2 1 20
LESS THAN AYEAR 1 20
TOTAL 5 IOO %
Source: survey research.
One of the respondents/cafes, representing 20% are in the business for 8 years, one representing 20% are in the business for 6 years, 20
5 for four years, 20% for two years, while 20% less than a year.
This shows that, the people of the area have long embraced ICT as a factor of production.
Q.2 WERE YOU INTO SIMILAR BUSINESS BEFORE?
TABLE 2
TYPE OF RESPONCES NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
YES 2 40
NO 3 60
TOTAL 5 100
Source: survey research.
From the above it shows that that 40% of the responses were into similar business before, while 60% are only new into ICT business.

Q.3 WHAT KIND OF CUSTOMERS DO YOU HAVE?
TABLE 3
TYPE OF RESPONCE NO OF CAFE PERCENTAGE
STUDENTS/RESEACHERS 1 20
FOOTBALL FANS 2 40
BUSINESS MEN 1 20
OTHERS 1 20
TOTAL 5 100%
Source: survey research.
From the above it shows that 20% of those who patronize cafes are students/researchers, 40% are footballs fans, 20%are business men, while 20%
Constitute others who contact their friends, lovers or pals.
Q.4 ON THE AVERAGE HOW MANY CUSTOMERS DO YOU HAVE PER DAY?
TABLE 4.
TYPES OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTSGE
350 2 40
200 1 20
150 1 20
BELOW 1 20
TOTAL 5 100%
Source: survey research.
From the above it shows that, there is increasing usage of the ICT in the study area since 40% of the cafe attends 350 persons per days, 20% attend 200 persons, and 20% attend 150 per day, while 20% attend less than 100 persons per day.

Q 5 DO YOU THINK YOU ARE BETTER OFF WITH YOUR PRESENT BUSINESS NOW THAN BEFORE?
TABLE 5
TYPES OF RESPONCE NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
YES 3 60
NO 1 20
CAN NOT SAY 1 20
TOTAL 5 100%
Source: survey research.
60% of the cafes are better off with their present business than before, while 20% are not and 20% cannot say exactly.
Q 6 DO YOU ALSO AGREE THAT ICT HAS INCREASE GAINFUL EMPLOYEMENT?
TABLE 6
TYPES OF RESPONSE NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
YES 3 60
NO 1 20
CANONOT SAY 1 20
TOTAL 5 100%
Source: survey research.
From the above it could be noted 60% of the cafes agreed that, the ict has contributed in providing gainful employment at local level, while 20% said no and only 20% cannot say.
Q 7 DO YOU SEE ANY MORAL DANGER ASSCIATED WITH YOUR BUSINESS?
TABLE7
TYPES OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
YES 3 60
NO 1 20
CANNOT SAY 1 20
TOTAL 5 100
Source: survey research.
From the above 60 % of the cafes agreed that there are moral dangers associated with ICT, while 20% said no, and 20% cannot say.
Q 8 DO YOU HAVE ANY PROBLEM WITH CUSTOMERS?
TABLE 8
TYPES OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTGE
YES 3 60
NO 2 40
TOTAL 5 100%
Source: survey research.
It pertinent to note that from the responses there is always problem with customers in business, but in this context it is largely for ignorance on how to operate the device at internet cafes as seen in the above.
Q 9 WHAT OTHER PROBLEM DO YOU ENCOUNTER?
TABLE 9
TYPES OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
NETWORK 2 40
OTHERS 3 60
TOTAL 5 100
Source: survey research.
It shows from the above that ICT is not yet fully concretized in the country that is why 40% of the cafes have network problem becomes very common among cafes.
Q 10 HOW CAN YOU ASSES THE ROLE OF TRANSFORMATION OF OUR SOCIETY FROM THE REVOLUTION IN ICT?
TABLE 10
TYPE OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
VERY RAPID 3 60
RAPID 1 20
SLOW 1 20
TOTAL 5 100%
Source: survey research.
From the above 60% of the cafes agreed the ICT has transformed our society very rapidly, while 20% say only rapid and 20% say slowly.
Q 11 WHICH CLASS OF YOUR CUSTOMERS SPENDS MORETIME ONLINE?
TABLE 11
TYPE OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
STUDENTS/RESEARCHSERS 3 60
FREIND/SPORT/MOVIES FANS 1 20
BUSINESS MEN 1 20
TOTAL 5 100
Source: survey research.
From the above response it show that 60% of those who patronize internet cafes are students/researchers, 20 % are on friends sport lovers and movie fans, while 20% constitute business purposes.
Q 12 IN GENERAL, WHAT DO YOU THINK CAN HINDER THE PROSPECT OF ICT AS A MEANS OF INTERACTION TODAY?
TABLE. 12
TYPE OF RESPONSES NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGES
POVERTY 2 40
ILLITERACY 1 20
NUMBER OF SERVICE PROVIDERS 1 20
GOVERNMENT WITHDRAWAL 1 20
TOTAL 5 100
Source: survey research.
From the above responses it shows that 40% of the cafes believe that poverty is the major obstacle to the prospect of ICT 20% believes it is illiterate, while 20 % link it with the number of service providers, and still another 20% attach it to the government withdrawal from the information sector.
Q 13 WHAT DO YOU SEE ABOUT THE FUTURE OF ICT AND YOUR BUSINESS?
TABLE 13
TYPES OF RESPONSE NO OF CAFES PERCENTAGE
BRIGHT FUTURE 3 60
LESS BRIGHTER 1 20
BLEAKER 1 20
TOTAL 5 100
Source: survey research. 2008
From the above it shows that there is a much brighter future in the growth and development of ICT related business, as only 20% of their cafes are pessimistic.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING/ PROOF OF HYPOTHESIS.
As earlier stated in this work to decide the outcome of this study, various hypotheses were developed. They will now be subjected to empirical test in proving our assumptions so as to determine whether to accept or to reject the hypothesis as the case may be.
H1: Globalization transforms the lives of local people positively.
From our findings, we accept that, globalisation transforms the lives of local people positively.
Respondents/cafes managers answer to question no 6 in the questionnaire were use to test this hypotheses. From the analysis it revealed that 60% of the cafes agreed it indicate that information and communication technology ICT has contributed in providing gainful employment at local level, where productivity is enhance and efficient. Therefore the hypothesis is accepted.
H2: Information and communication technology has flourished the socio-economic being of the local people.
From our finding we accept ICT has flourished the socio-economic being of local people positively. in testing this hypothesis cafes managers answer to the question 5 and 13was used. From the response we can see 60% of the cafes were of the
View that information and communication technology has flourished the socio-economic being of local people positively.
However it is open for everybody. The process of their activities was so expeditiously rendered. As such the hypothesis is proved right hence accepted.
H3: information and communication technology is thread to moral values of the local people.
The rapid innovations of technology make it risky for the local people in term of morality and also thread to culture.
Cafes answers to question no 7in the questionnaires were used to test this hypothesis from the analysis it revealed that 60%, see there is moral dangers associated with ICT, at local level, the hypothesis is tested right as such is accept.
References:
Amin s (1990)” mal development anatomy of global failure” 2nd press, London.
Anthony lelliott, Shirley pendlebury and penny enslin “promise of access and inclusion online education in africa” journal of philosophy of education, in special issues: engines of the interfacehilosophical problems of online education. Edited by, migal blake and paul standdish(edit)-2000-vol 39.
Beck u (1999). what is globalisation? Cambridge polity press.
Castells, m (1996), information technology and global in w. Hutton and Anthony Glidden,(edit),on the edge, living with global capitalism, London vintage.
Fox j. p, (2001)”Chomsky and globalisation,” London icons book.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY
The research work dealt into the context of globalization of ICT at local level with municipal local government as the case study. The work tried to bring out the major impact of ICT as a new development in globalization at local levels.
Chapter one dwelt into statement of research problem, aims and objectives, research questions, scope and limitations, and
,i
some operational definition of terms.
Chapter two dwelt into the review of related literature. Here the options of the past authors on related topics were sought and reviewed.
Chapter three, which is the operational map out of the research work direct into the research design, the targeted population, and problems relating to the collection of Data.
Chapter four dwelt into analysis of the data collected from the respondents. Here a response analysis was made and made the finding from response(s) of the<- respondents was also discussed.
5.2. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the findings in the research work, the following conclusion can be drawn:
The ICT has brought a lot of revolution in almost everything. The revolution in Information and Communication Technology has integrated and transformed the lives of the local people. Through ICT people are connected worldwide and thus can meet and interact anywhere any time and the local people .are hence inclusive in globalization.
For electronic learning (E-learning), the ICT produced a new form of international education emerging with many provisions of competition. The From our findings it was evident that at local level students and researchers have discovered a new way of finding processing and sharing of knowledge and information. Students can apply and enroll into academic institution without even reaching there physically. Thus, the ICT allows for distant interaction, of students and researchers or teachers, hence making it easier for collaboration in an academic undertaking. This will allow for both students and researchers to come into contact with massive information to re-examine and appreciate their local issues in view of the international affairs. At local level it was evident that for all O' levels examinations the protocols are been turn into online interaction. This has ease off the cumbersome nature of such exercise.
Therefore, since ITC requires certain level of knowledge, it is recommended that the Internet cafes engage into training programs on how to use the Internet efficiently to both literate and illiterate people.
36
The ICT has brought great change in the socio-economic being of the local people. Specifically the advent of GSM has created a new means of curving unemployment. Many people have become self-employed (question 2), and many are foreseeing a brighter future. For the business men the ICT (Especially the Internet) has provide a cheaper and faster means of conducting their business transaction without necessarily exposing themselves to much risk. Parties can meet online through visual communication and where products are involve they can equally be seen and assessed. Money and capital can move from one place to another, and transfers are conducted through electronic medium, such e banking, e-commerce, tele-medicine etc. Although the there are not much people in business at the local level, but there are still evidences of electronic business in the study area.
It can also be suggested that organizations should reduce the speed at which they are making their tasks online, at least for some time, since majority of the people are not computer literate. Also they should encourage and support all sort of computer training in the society either financially or morally so as to speed up the rate of computer literacy. Government should give the largest support, thus, it is recommended that the local government should encourage such programs that will empower computer literacy in their areas.
Also, the ICT has become one* major 'way of between employers and employees. People apply for a job and get interviewed online without physically getting there both locally and internationally. Therefore, all tertiary institutions should make it compulsory for their students, some level of computer literacy in
37
their curriculum. This will increase their chances of getting employment easily after they leave school.
On the social realm the ICT has transformed our society to a greater degree. It is evident that majority of those who patronize Internet cafe and Call centers are sports fan and lovers/friends (Q. 4 of the questionnaire). From our findings the ICT has the capacity to threaten the moral values of the local people (Question 8 in the questionnaire). Underage children can have access to phonographic sites online, which tempers with their ability to control their sex psychology. Similarly, the GSM has'become a means to boycott the moral restriction against male-female interaction.
Therefore, it is important-to the Internet cafes to discourage and ban access to such phonographic site. Parents should also endeavour to limit rampant access to telephones (GSM) by their children. This will reduce their chances of being lured into the immora side of the ICT. , .
Lastly, the research was conducted to expose the role and or significance of the ICT as a consequence of globalization. ICT is indeed indispensable and we are just at the beginning of its globalization, however, we are coming up age and the danger it poses to the third world in general is' that it is a furtherance of imperialism since it incorporate every beat of our live; our saying, our seeing, our inclination, our believes and values and even what we eat and drink is closely monitored by the owners of the ICT. Above ail the ICT is in self another wicked way of draining our little incomes by the owners, yet we cannot do without it. At this juncture, I will like to say that unless we are able to develop our
38independent technology there we cannot escape giving our money to them everyday.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ali A. Mazrui, (2003), "Nigeria Between Lord Lugard and the Digital
Divide: Political Culture and the Skill Revolution" in http://www/gooqle search, org/webworld/infoethics-2/eng/papers/paper
2. Amin S. (1990), Mal-development Anatomy of Global Failure, Zed Press, London
3. Anthony Lelliott, Shirley Pendlebury and Penny Enslin "Promise of Access and Inclusion: Online Education in Africa', Journal of philosophy of Education", in Special Issues: Engines of the Interface: philosophical problems of online education, Edited by: Migel Blake and Paul Standish, (Edit)-2000-Vol. 39
4. Beck, U. (1999), What is Globalization?, Cambridge: Polity Press.
5. Beck, U. (2001)'Living your life in a runaway world:
individualization, globalization and polities', in W. Mutton and A. Giddens, (edit) On

YOUNG DATING, WHAT`S A HARMFUL HABBIT?

sanibalashehukano — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 23:20:43 UT

BY SANI BALA SHEHU.

Many youths begin to date at a very young age the media promote this practice as normal, as if it were harmless recreation. a fourting year old relate`s to her mates that "almost ever one in school has a boyfriend or girlfriend" a young woman named mate-room recalls "I remember kids in the secondary school third grade i.e. ss 3 who were going steady". She adds I started to feel the pressure to date when I was 15 years old".
Understandably, then, if you are not dating someone, you may feel left out.
Indeed, you may even get teased and ridiculed for not doing so. Feeling that she was too young to date. Antonia recalls: "they made fun of me and joked about it" no one likes to be ridiculed. But should you date just because others are doing so? Just what is dating? What purpose does it serve?
WHAT IS DATING?
"We are not dating. We are just friends. "Many youths claim. Even though they are spending a lot of time with someone of the opposite sex. But whatever you call it. Dating, going together, or just seeing each other. When a boy and a girl single each other out and start spending time together socially more than friendship is usually involved. And dating does not have to be in person. Discussion in internet chartrooms. On the telephone, through the mail or by email can also be forms of dating.
The question is just how serious is it to spend time almost exclusively with someone of the opposite sex?
DATING --- THE DANGERS.
The proverbs says "the way of an eagle in the air; the way of a spend on rock; the way of a ship in the midst of the sea and the way man with a virgin."
This expression suggests that male-female relationships tend to follow a pattern. What both parties are mature and hold to Godly morals. Dating can lead to love, and eventually, to honorable marriage. After all, God created man and woman to be attracted to each other. But what if you are not old enough to handle marriage? By dating prematurely, you are setting up for all.
Why; because if you spend a lot of time around someone of the opposite sex, it is only natural that your emotions will became aroused. Before you realized it, you look forward so seeing that one. When you are not together you find yourself thinking about him or her. All too often, though, the feelings are one-sided and some one gets a broken heart. And even when feelings are mutual, frustration and heart-break still result, when one or the other is not mature enough or old enough to get married. Really, where can such a relationship go? Can a man rake together fire in to his bossom and yet his very garments not burned?
Consider youth named Nina. She relates "I met a boy on-line. We talked in a coatroom for hour's everyday. I became emotionally attach to him, and my life revolved around him .the relationship didn't last for long when it ended I became very depressed.
Then he called me and told me that he was going to kill himself because of the break up .that made me even more depressed. "Looking back; Nina concludes." It was not worth it! The relationship ended two years ago. And I am still suffering from defression. Nina was simply too young to become emotionally involved with someone.
Interestingly! What proverbs mean "the way of an able-bodied man with a maiden". It may refer to sexual relations. In toady's world, dating is often a prelude to sexual relation's, it may begin innocently; just by holding hands .a quick hug and a kiss on the cheek may be next. It is one thing for two young adults. Who have made a serious commitment to each other to make such expression of affection. But when two people are too young to get married, such behavior does little more than needlessly inflame sexual desire. Act of "affection" can become increasing in a appropriate or unclean. They can even lead to some form of fornication.
The fruits of fornication are bitter .some who engage in it contract sexually transmitted diseases. Others suffer a lost of self-esteem and damage their conscience. Some young girls find themselves pregnant. That is the fundamental reason why we are told to "flee from fornication"! Avoiding pre mature dating will help you to heed this command.
WHEN TO DATE.
This does not mean that you will never be able to date. But if you are teenager; you are probably in what the wise saying calls" the bloom of youth." You are just beginning to bloom in to the man or woman that you will eventually be. During this period of time, you begin to mature physically, emotionally and sexual desires may be as strong as they will be however, those feelings may also be subject to rapid changes. For this reason. Teen's romances tend to be very short-lived.
"When I had date, "recalls one teenage girl, "it was usually on one week and off the next."
Clearly; it doesn't make sense to date during the bloom of youth. It is best to wait until you know who you are, what your likes and dislikes are, and what goals you wish to pursue. Also, you should be enough to carry out the responsibilities of marriage. A husband as expected to provide for his family, physically, materially, and spiritually. If you are a teenage boy are you prepared to get a job and care for a wife and possible children? Are you in apposition to assist them in maintaining their spirituality? And what if you are young girl?
A wife is required for love and respects her husband; she must support the decisions he makes. Are you really prepared to do so, on a long-term basis? Also, are you ready to manage a household day in and day-out, to prepare meals and take care of children!
To illustrate, in western worlds young people dreams of driving the family car. But what does a youth have to do before he/she is allowed to do so? In most lands you have to get some training and take text before you are given that license. Why? Becouse driving is a serious responsibility. Your life and the lives of others will be in your hands when you get behind the steering wheel. Well, marriage you may simply not be ready for it yet. In that case you would be wise to resist the temptation to date .since dating is a step toward finding a marriage mate. Put simply you are not ready for marriage, you shouldn't date.
To make a wise decision in this regard, you need" knowledge and thinking ability." It might be a good idea; then, to take advantage of the knowledge and experience of someone older.
Parents are usually in the best position to help you asses your readiness for marriage. And you may also want to get some advice from mature members of congregation or ulamas. If your parent do not want you to date. You do well to cooperate with them. Their desire is to help you.
"Ward off calamity." If they feel that you are not ready to date, they may recommend that in the meantime, rather than restricting your attention to one person; you widen out your circle of friends. Associating with people single and marriage; old and young as well as with those your own age; can help you to round out your personality and get a more realistic view of life and marriage.
Waiting until you are ready to date will not be easy. But it is worth the wait. By using "the bloom of youth" to grow up in to a mature responsible adult, to grow will spare yourself the time to develop in to the kind of person who can handle pressure and responsibilities of marriage. You will also allow yourself time to grow in to a spiritual person. That was when you are finally ready to date. Others may very well see you as someone really worth getting to. Know better, is this understood.
This is fact and reality; there is nothing concludes, fabricated, devised or improvised!
Sani bala can be reach through his email: sanibalashehukano@yahoo.com
Sanibalashehu2004@yahoo.co.uk
www.sagagikano.blogsot.com
p. o. box4054 Kano.
08045208685/08065872052/ 064-642382.